Keywords: 1710 First Japanese Buddhist Map of the World Showing Europe, America, and Africa - Geographicus - Nansenbushu-rokashihotan-1710.jpg A seminal map of extreme significance This is the first Japanese printed map to depict the world including Europe and America from a Buddhist cosmographical perspective Printed by woodblock in 1710 Hoei 7 this map was composed by the Buddhist monk Rokashi Hotan Inspired by the 1653 publication of Si-yu-ki a pilgrimage narrative of the Chinese monk Hsuang-Tsang's 602-604 travels to India in search of sacred Sanskrit writings Rokashi Hotan's map attempts to update Buddhist mythological cartography as exemplified in the 1634 manuscript map Gotenjikuzu Map of the Five Regions of India to correspond with the Si-yu-ki as well as with contemporary and ancient religious texts Chinese annals travel narratives and even some European maps Rokashi Hotan lists these texts 102 in all at the top of the map The consequent product of Rokashi Hotan's work is this magnificent amalgam of disparate ideas and traditions In essence this is a traditional Buddhist world view in the Gotenjikuzu mold centered on the world spanning continent of Jambu-Dvipa At its center is Lake Anavatapta a whirlpool-like quadruple helix lake believed to be the center of the universe This lake which is commonly associated with Lake Manasarovar in northern India is believed in Buddhist mythology to be the legendary site where Queen Maya conceived the Buddha From the quadruple beast headed helix heads of a horse a lion an elephant and an ox of Manasarovar or Lake Anavatapta radiates the four sacred rivers of the region the Indus the Ganges the Bramaputra and the Sutlej South of Jambu-Dvipa India is recognizable for in its peninsular form Japan itself appears as a series of Islands in the upper right and like India is one of the few recognizable elements - at least from a cartographic perspective China and Korea appear to the west of Japan and are vaguely identifiable geographically which itself represents a significant advancement over the Gotenjikuzu map Southeast Asia also makes one of its first appearances in a Japanese Buddhist map as an island cluster to the east of India On the opposite side of the map a series of islands is intended to represent Europe which had no place at all in earlier Buddhist world maps making this one of the first Japanese maps to depict Europe Umukari Hungary Oranda Baratan Komo Holland or the country of the red hair Arubaniya Albania Itarya Italy Suransa France and Inkeresu England are all named Africa appears as a small island in the western sea identified as the Land of Western Women Of special note is Rokashi Hotan's mapping of the Americas Prior to this map America had rarely if ever been depicted on Japanese maps so Rokashi Hotan turned to the Chinese map Daimin Kyuhen Zu Map of China under the Ming Dynasty and its surrounding Countries from which he copied both the small island-like form of South America just south of Japan and the curious land bridge the Aleutian Islands connecting Asia to what the Japanese historians Nobuo Muroga and Kazutaka Unno conclude must undoubtedly be a reflection of North America page 63 Whether this represents ancient knowledge from early Chinese navigations in this region for which there is some literary if not historical evidence or merely a printing error we can only speculate While this map represents a significant step forward in the Japanese attempt to combine religious and contemporary geographic knowledge it remains in essence a Buddhist map It is likely that Rokashi Hotan was aware important European style maps circulating in China at the time The Mateo Ricci Map is one such example and copies were known to have reached Japan in the 17th century 1710 dated Size in 56 5 45 object history credit line accession number Nansenbushu-rokashihotan-1710 Geographicus-source PD-Art-100 Maps in Japanese 1710 maps Buddhist scriptures 1710s maps of the world Old maps of Asia |